Caribou-They Appear to Be Dumb!

Caribou seem pretty Dumb

When Brown Bear or Moose hunting in the high country you come across a lot of Caribou. At first, they appear pretty dumb, that's because many of them in the Bush have just not encountered that many hunters in their lifespan. I have seen wolves follow the herd and the wolves can get pretty close(100 yards)  and the herd, although aware of their presence, don't panic yet. They know at that distance they can outrun the pack. If the wolves range narrows much less than that the herd is off and running!

It's common knowledge in Alaska that most anyone can get their Caribou meat-including our neighbor Sarah Palin! They are indeed the easiest species of game meat to acquire here. What makes our Caribou appear so dumb is the fact that like all deer, they are curious-it's that simple!

Alaska has about 32 different herds totaling about 950,000. To see these herds of thousands is something to behold and it is because of our vast amounts of open land we have here. 

Being fortunate to witness this many times over the years makes me thankful that we still have this much vast and wild country available. It is one of the reasons I came to Alaska over 35 years ago.

Alaskans harvest about 23,000 Caribou a year and they also sustain our increasing numbers of wolves and bears. Without these vast numbers of Caribou we would NOT have the population of wolves we do. In the spring and summer Caribou favor the higher ground as there are more breezes associated with these areas and the mosquito's are less of a nuisance. 

Interestingly, Caribou are the only deer species where both the cows and the bulls have antlers. The average bull Caribou will weigh between 350-400 lbs. 

McNeil River Brown Bear Viewing Permits Available!

Applications for McNeil River Bear Viewing Permits Due March 1


Wanna get up close, personal AND safe with Brown Bears? Most of you have seen this place on PBS specials and now's your chance to sit among the mighty carnivores of Alaska and it only comes along once a year!

The application deadline for lottery permits to visit Alaska’s premier brown bear viewing site at McNeil River State Game Sanctuary is fast approaching. Online applications must be submitted by midnight on March 1, or mailed and received by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game by March 1, 2014.

Online applications and printable application forms are available at www.mcneilriver.adfg.alaska.gov through the “Permits” tab and “Viewing Permits” link. More information about visiting McNeil River is available on the website or by calling (907) 267-2257.

A nonrefundable application fee of $25 per person is required and up to three people may apply together as a group. Applications are entered into a lottery and if drawn, Alaska residents must pay a $150 permit fee and nonresidents $350.

Located 100 air miles west of Homer, the McNeil River hosts the world’s largest known gathering of brown bears; hundreds of people apply each year for permits to watch bears drawn to the river to feed on migrating salmon.

When you look at the map on the left you'll see Homer, Alaska. That would be the least expensive departure point to get to McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and Refuge -there are no roads to it.

Homer, Alaska is about a 5 hour drive from Anchorage and it sits in Kachemack Bay-it is BEAUTIFUL! 

Here is a list of Homer Air Taxis that can help with your arrangements:

Bald Mountain Air Service Inc. 
PO Box 3134 (6058 Bald Mt. Ave.) Homer, AK 99603
(907) 235-7969 (800) 478-7969 Fax. (907) 235-6602

Beluga Lake Float Plane 
2886 Bay Vista Place Homer, AK 99603
(907) 235-8256

Homer Air 
Box 302 Homer, AK 99603
(907) 235-8591 (907) 235-2301(fax)
Homer Air

Hughes Air 
PO Box 9 Homer, AK 99603
(907) 235-4229 (907) 235-1803 fax
Hughes Air

Northwind Aviation 
PO Box 646 Homer, AK 99603
(907) 235-7482

This is a remarkable adventure! Good luck with the drawing!

Surprise At Close Range!

Surprise at Close Range!


First of all-this photo was not taken with a zoom lens!

At this close range-30 feet, this could have been a very bad encounter especially if this was a sow with cubs. Fortunately, it was a boar and it did not yet know how close I was. Had the wind direction been at my back this close encounter would have never happened. He would have been long gone.

I have spent a lot of time in the Alaskan Bush and encounters with bears, in my case, have been frequent. I never run from one and in fact, I make certain that I impose a bigger threat to him than the reverse. I do go to great lengths to make sure I am never this close to a sow with cubs-that is certain disaster for me and the bear.

The bear pictured here had been visible to me for some time and I kept the wind in "my" favorable direction so I could get this close. Testing skills I suppose, but to get this close to a Grizzly or Brown bear without them knowing it has always been a thrill like no other. We both knew we were there but only one of us, at this point, knows where the other is.

I do not recommend anyone attempt such encounters as it would probably not turn out well for one of you. I've just had lots of practice and know both of our limits and this photo is pushing that envelope, but it's damned exciting!
If you do encounter one of these bruins while in Alaska:

Don't run or turn your back!

If a boar charges, hold your ground. 90% of the time they'll stop and turn away.

Make lots of noise-before hand(unless of course, you are hunting them) If you are, don't wait to get this close and fire!

If you are not hunting and find yourself in bear country there is no need to be sneaking around. Make lots of noise, sound like a marching band, they'll avoid you.

ALWAYS remember, Surprising bears, any species, is always a bad idea!

Bull Crossing...

Bull on the Bridge!



It's almost mid January and this young bull Moose still has his antlers. That is typical for them although it is about time for them to shred their antlers and begin growing them again. Alaskan Moose are the largest member of the deer family in the world and their antlers can weigh up to 60 pounds, that's a lot of weight to pack around-and to pack out of the bush!

They will produce trophy class antlers by the time they are about 6-7 years old but the largest racks, when their diet is good, will be produced when they are about 10-12 years old. After that the racks become somewhat smaller as they continue to age.

This Moose is browsing on Birch limbs and their typical winter browse line is usually 6-8 feet high! The bull pictured here weighs around 800 lbs. now and he will continue to put on weight as the year progresses. Adult bulls can weight up to 1,600 lbs. That's a lotta Bull!

All hunters both resident and non-residents alike are required, by law, to pack out all the meat from the moose they harvest. If you don't, not only is that unethical but it is also called wanton waste here and there is a healthy fine for that-as it should be!

Alaskan and non-residents harvest about 6000-8000 Moose annually. Given the fact that a healthy full-grown moose will have about 600-800 lbs. of edible meat on it means Alaskans eat very well. Moose meat is delicious and does not have a "gamey" taste to it at all.

P.S. I built this bridge on my homestead several years ago. It took over 300 spruce logs to construct it and it spans some 50 feet. A word to the wise, don't burn bridges, they are too hard to build!

Mountain Monarchs

The State of Alaska has recorded 745 glaciers in Alaska. 

BUT that is nowhere close to the actual numbers of them. For example, the photo of this one I took in Lake Clark Pass-it does not have a name because it is so small. There are thousands of these small glaciers that have no names. Are they melting, of course. Each year they melt some and then gain some during the winter. That has been their annual cycle for thousands of years.

One thing I know for sure, they are beautiful to be around and DANGEROUS to be near. Whenever I camp near them you can hear them rumbling during the night as they freeze/thaw in the mountains. It is an amazing and erie thing to witness. Laying in your sleeping bag hearing these massive things moving a mountain is indeed, something to behold. It has always reminded me of how small and insignificant humans are. Not to mention our frailty!

Did I mention ice worms? Yes, we have ice worms that live in glaciers surviving temperatures that humans cannot. Hard to believe, but it is true. Worms are a hardy bunch it seems, found in geothermal vents on the ocean floor all the way to our glacial ice fields. They are not found in all of our glaciers just a few of them, no one knows why. Amazing creature. Our ice worms are not poisonous, but they can crawl up your butt and freeze you to death-just kidding.

This is just a few of the things a hunter can discover when he ventures out in this vast and wild country. Being a hunter has its advantages and provides for an understanding of the natural world non-hunters have no idea about-they just think we want to kill everything. Hunting in Alaska can kill you just as quick as having the ability to kill something yourself.

First of all you'll have to land in a place like the pictured at the left. Pack all your gear to a safe base camp spot and then hunt from there-not an easy thing to do!


For all those sportsmen out there that have pursued Mountain Goat or Dall Sheep, you know exactly what I am talking about here. It's extremely hard work and takes a great deal of luck.

Take chances and discover things generally and otherwise not possible to most folks.

Among and Above the Glaciers

Climbing in Alaskan glacier country can take you breath away- Permanently!


Indeed the views are spectacular with nothing but mountains around you. You may be on a hunt for Dall Sheep or Mountain Goat or just out for a grueling climb. Whatever the reason, climbing in this country can be breathtaking-in more ways than one! 

The right gear is imperative. Throwing on an old pair of hiking boots on that have worn soles is a great way to die at these altitudes.  Not being in top physical shape is another way to "loose your breath"- permanently.


The right backpack is imperative! One that fits snugly across the shoulders and a good waist belt are must haves. Loose backpacks can shift creating a slight tug on you at the wrong moment and there goes your balance creating life-threatening problems for you.

 Lose shale rock can create an unrecoverable slide and if your shoes are worn and you have an improperly balanced backpack bouncing around is not good at these altitudes either.


Imagine all this with a rifle slung over your shoulder at the same time. I have had clients over the years that refused to go any further because of their lack of preparedness-which they were told before they arrived! If you plan to hunt in these conditions you MUST BE in top physical shape-no way around it!

As I have said before-Lady Alaska, She's Deadly Beautiful!

A Wing and A Prayer

WinganaPrayer

WinganaPrayer is an old Bush Pilot term. It's not found in any of Webster's Dictionary versions. In this photo we gotta go east (left) and the pass looks like it might be closed-in around the far corner and there's no turning back and no place to land(we are on floats). We are cruising along about 800'. WE need that much time to properly panic if something sputters!


Times like this you make you dig deep, pucker up a little in various places and hope for the best. THAT'S Winganaprayer at its finest! Did I mention how much fuel we were burning? Did I mention headwinds? These thoughts and many more go through your head as you fly in this country. The only weather reports you get are from other pilots that recently went through these passes and that can all change in a flash! Mountain flying and flying in Alaska are true tests of one's flying skills and for those that do not develop them and continually hone them- well, lets just say they don't last too long here.

That ole Winganaprayer has worked for me for years.

Somebody call Webster, the word WinganaPrayer needs to be there!

            Bush Pilots are not often found in Church BUT pray more than most of You!

Who's Watching Who?

When I came across these Grizzly tracks on a recent hunt on the Bering River I could not help but wonder, "Am I looking at where he was or is he looking at where I am?"

I made tracks to Alaska 30 years ago to escape the Lower 48. To run from pre-conceived notions as to what my life should be and how I should live it. It was strange to me that people picture "what to do with my life" as if it's some plateau you reach and you can stop worrying about it after that. BULLBUTTER!

I think everyone goes through this and I think it has to do with how poorly our education system is structured to ensure children know themselves, their strengths, weaknesses, and Passions. In an attempt to prepare everyone for the "real world", a disconnect forms because they get us ready for what the work force and American government needs from us and not what WE need from LIFE!

I escaped to Alaska to live a life of adventure and after 30 years here, many of those spent as a professional hunting guide, I truly found my "brass ring". I might add, that it took brass balls to do it!

It's now 35 years later, boy do I have some stories to tell. These are stories you won't find in my book, you can read those separately. I want to use this forum to inspire people to be themselves and pursue their dreams. I want to answer questions about Alaska you won't find answers to in the tourists pamphlets.

ALASKAN Hunting, Fishing, Bush life, Sea Life, Survival skills, Bush flying, Whitewater Rafting, Flora, Fauna, Wildlife, Minerals, politics/Outhouses and more are all interesting subject matter that will be discussed. (the outhouse and politics belong as far from the cabin as a cold, dark, freezing night permits!) The gap between smart ass and visionary has narrowed. It takes a certain amount of colorful brevity to get your point across these days. I have no problem doing that!

Your destiny is your duty to yourself!

Two Degrees Above Dead

Bears hibernate and remain in a state about 2 degrees above dead!


These two young Grizzly are no doubt a little late getting to the den this past year but the photo illustrates why they need to!

They head into their dens for months at a time, then they come out in the spring looking a whole lot thinner and hungry for sure! 
They do this because of the scarcity of food all winter. In Alaska our snows are deep and last for many months. The ONLY way they survive is hibernating. Look at all the money we could save on food and diet loss programs if we could do this! We are pretty sure this is true by studying smaller mammals that hibernate because waking sleeping bears to study this is not a good idea!

They do wake occasionally to move around but quickly head back into a deep sleep.

During hibernation, Bears reduce their body temperature to a point that approaches or even falls below the freezing point of water. (Salty body fluids have lower freezing thresholds that keep tissues from freezing) Overall metabolism drops to about 98% — just 2 degrees above dead.

Runways Are For Sissies...

Asphalt runways are not for the Faint-Hearted! 

This is a photo of the Chilikadrotna River in western Alaska. It is designated as one of Alaska's Wild and Scenic rivers and flows out of Twin Lakes.

I see two places I can get the Super Cub down in this photo. (the Cub is on wheels not floats)Wind direction being critical of course. Can you spot them?

No Small Encounter

No Small Encounter

The vehicle pictured here is a Dodge Durango no small SUV by any means. This photo gives you a better idea of the damaged/deaths that can occur here in Alaska in the winter when vehicles collide with our Moose. Winters are the worst as the Moose are down from the mountains where deep snow has accumulated and browse is much easier to find. This also puts them on a collision course with our vehicles.

About 600 are killed on Alaska's roads each year and the number killed by the railroad generally doubles that! Needless to say most of the vehicles are totaled...

Some Alaska Lakes Explode!

Alaska-Some of Our Lakes Explode!




In this photo we are flying out of the small coastal community of Cordova. Cordova is a beautiful fishing community that sits east of Valdez and ESE of Anchorage about 150 air miles. It's best to get to Cordova by one of our ferries the State operates. You can load your pickup, drive on the ferry with your truck and gear then head upstairs for a beer during the 4 hour ride(maybe 6, it depends on the ocean-not always the way to go for those that are apt to get seasick).


The gravel road you see out the airplane window(DeHaviland Beaver) is the end of the line.  All our gear is headed to the Bering River about another 100 miles to the east. This is some of the most demanding and "mean" country  in Alaska, second only to my adventures on the Alaska Peninsula. We'll be landing on Kushtaka Lake. The early natives gave this Lake its name- it means devil's lake. That was their early take on it anyway. It would explode they said! 

Truth be told, in the winter this land and all it's Lakes freeze up. When you fly over these Lakes they are covered with snow and are generally considered big flat spots, great place to land on ski's if needed. I made a flight over this Lake one winter and on the way out saw Kushtaka all covered with snow and frozen.

We went on without thinking any more of it. 

When we flew back over Kushtaka several days later it was wide open with chunks of ice in it everywhere.  You could see the dark blue water???

As time went by and I did a little research I came to understand what happened that day and why the natives called it a devil's lake. In this photo background you can see the southern tip of the Wrangell Mt's. and Copper River lies just out of sight here. Point being, this is copper and coal country. Coal beds produce methane gas and when it is released in a lake bed and the winter ice freezes over the top, something is eventually going to give- "It Explodes"

There are so many unique things about Alaska... been here 35 years and expect to discover more!

Lady Alaska!

Lady Alaska, She's Deadly Beautiful!


In Alaska, when you fly out to hunt or fish you land and unload the plane. After you unload everything and the plane leaves, you realize you are out in the middle of nowhere and ALONE. Better not forget anything! At the same time you can't take everything as there is only so much room in the bush plane. Careful planning, when in the Alaskan Bush, can mean the difference between life or death.

Cold weather, freezing rain, raging or flooding rivers, mountain slides, mad Moose or worse, a Grizzly/Brown bear can all play havoc on your expedition. Granted, you can't "plan"or "pack" to ward off a bear, but knowing them and understanding their body language can help. More about that in another post.

In the photo below you will see the result of flying in a Zodiac raft which had no top. During this trip is rained, and rained, and rained!! So I made one! I used Alder poles(only thing I know that Alders are good for, except smoking Salmon) and a tarp I had brought. I knew it might be necessary but the mfg. poles for the roof of the Zodiac and its small tarp took up valuable space and weighed more than my small tarp. I knew I would be able to make a top if I needed to.

Most folks don't realize how difficult it is to hunt Alaska. We don't have roads to good hunting areas. In fact, we only have three main highways in the entire State of Alaska. We don't have feed plots, tree stands and all those aids that are used by most Lower 48 sportsmen. If you want to get to the best hunting and fishing here, you must fly out to it, along with your gear and food.

I am sometimes envious of the ease by which Lower 48 hunters go about their hunting and fishing. But I know this wild and vast land has had far more adventure to offer as a result its hardships. The fact that you could get hurt out there and no one could help, makes for some hair-raising thoughts alone! What would you do?

Many of my hair-raising adventures were outlined in my first book. Many more will come in my next book and I will post some more of them from time to time here.

Alaska is a grand, beautiful and deadly place...

Outta Nowhere!

You just never know when.

Our bears can appear out of nowhere. YOU NEVER expect it, at least most chichakos(Alaskas newbies) don't. But a sourdough is always thinking about it when he is out in the bush-hell in a lot of suburban Alaska too!!

If it is a bear by itself it is generally one on a mission- such as the young Grizzly in this picture. He did not care what was on the bank when he sprang from the brush. He knew there were salmon in the water and little else mattered! Including ME!

I was thankful that it was not a Grizzly cub that darted out with a sow close behind only to realize I was there. Had that been the case, this close, I would have been charged and mauled. Little could stop the rage of a Grizzly sow that close!  Humans risk severe injury or death when they run into grizzlies in the wild AND urban Alaska.

We Got Fish!

Dreaming about an Alaskan Fishing Adventure?

Fishing in Alaska comes in multiple flavors-literally! Tens of thousands of people from all parts of the world harvest and feast on salmon, halibut, crab, trout, and other varieties of finfish and shellfish under subsistence, personal use, and sport fishing regulations. Many of anglers try their skills in both wilderness and urban settings. Guides, lodges and charter operators provide residents and visitors with memorable fishing experiences and contribute significantly to our tourism industry and economy. Subsistence and personal use fishing support a traditional way of life for many Alaskans. Subsistence fishing for those that qualify, provides wild harvests worth hundreds of pounds and thousands of dollars in replacement value at the supermarket. And with the price of seafood rising that saves a local guy like me a lot of "supermarket" money.

Alaska’s commercial fisheries are the most productive and valuable in the nation, with a wholesale value of over $3 billion. Recent studies put the combined economic impact of commercial and sport fishing at $7.4 billion and 89,915 full-time-equivalent jobs.

All of Alaska’s fisheries are managed by a science-based system that is widely regarded as among the best in the world, ensuring these living resources remain available for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations.

Alaska offers four types of fishing. Sport fishing is open to anyone in virtually everyone, while commercial, subsistence, and personal use fishing are limited to certain areas, certain types of gear, or just to Alaska residents.


Once you have determined the kind of fishing you would like to do,  review the regulations for the specific area and species you want to catch. (Click on my Fish and Game link on this page for specific regulations) Seasons, bag limits, methods and means, permitting, and reporting requirements vary widely across the state and can be found by clicking on the link.

If you need more information about the ins and outs of traveling around Alaska and pursuing your dream here contact me and I will customize a response for you.

Mother Nature & Grandfathers...

Mother Nature and Grandfathers are the greatest teachers of all!

Today we find that fewer and fewer children are involved in the hunting process.  Many people, only 1  generation ago had ready access to land, as they had close relatives who still farmed and welcomed them to their places to hunt.  What will the next several generations be doing regarding the care and maintenance of our wildlife treasures?  Will they care? Will they even know or understand the enjoyment and thrill of hunting?  Not just the harvesting part, but the whole outdoor experience?  Who is going to teach them?  How are they going to learn patience, respect, resourcefulness and a sense of sharing with those less fortunate?

The main objective that you, as an adult should have is to allow your children to experience the pleasant aspects of hunting.  Don’t push them, or force them to do something that they are not enjoying.  Taking them on a 4 hour forced march in bad weather is surely not going to be a good experience for them.  Take them to a target range for an hour or let them try shooting trap once every 2 weeks.  This is a great way to introduce children to the gun and to hitting moving targets, while at the same time teaching them about gun handling and safety.

Fathers and grandfathers used to take their children out to hunt with them in order to teach them how, where and when to hunt.  The care and preparation of the kill in the field, dressing, skinning and butchering were all part of the teaching/learning process.  These experiences taught future generations the skills needed to provide food for their families.  They also taught many other lessons, those of patience, respect, resourcefulness and a sense of sharing with others who perhaps did not have good luck in their pursuit of needed food.
We need to start at home, introducing our young people to the safe practice of gun handling, shooting and the ethical requirements needed to have a successful hunt or to have success in life.

Teaching young children, say age 7 or 8, about gun safety can begin with the purchase of a BB gun.  Set up a safe target shooting range in the basement of your home.  This can be easily done and can provide the basis for hours of fun and practice in becoming a safe and proficient shooter.  Taking kids out to the field when they are small for a short hunt, only an hour or two will help in getting them interested in the sport of hunting and the outdoors.  Let them take their BB gun and plink at safe paper targets or cans put on a log against a backstop.

Mother Nature is a great teacher and getting kids outside to learn and play is good for their brains and their bodies.

Alaska's Tundra Turkey!

Sandhill Cranes Flying in Kentucky and One Landing in Alaska! 



Of course, they are from a different flyway but they seem to be found everywhere now!

The sandhill crane  is Alaska's largest game bird. Residents of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta have affectionately nicknamed it the “Sunday turkey.” In some ways, cranes are birds of great contrasts. They are one of the most stately and dignified birds in flight, but they can also be one of the most comical when doing their famous “mating dance.” They come together in great flocks during migrations but are wary and scatter widely in their breeding and nesting areas.

Sandhill cranes are wading birds that have long black legs, long necks, and black chisel-shaped bills. Adults stand almost 3 feet tall and have a wing span of 6 feet or more. Mature birds are an ash-gray color with a bright red forehead. Immature birds are quite mottled with coppery or rusty feathers and lack the red forehead of adults. Adult plumage is attained at 2½ years. In the past, the sandhill cranes in Alaska were called “little brown” cranes and were thought to be a separate species based on their color. It is now known that the brownish-rust coloration of these northern birds is iron stain picked up in the peat bogs and muskegs of their breeding grounds.

Cranes breeding and migrating in Alaska are part of a complex of lesser sandhill cranes found from Siberia across northern Canada. They are considered a separate subspecies from greater sandhill cranes found in southern Canada and the lower 48 states. There is considerable variation in size among cranes, and their taxonomy has not been studied in detail.

Cranes have very powerful, unmistakable voices. The windpipe of cranes (and also trumpeter swans) forms a loop within the breastbone, producing the great resonance of their voices. Their cry has been described as a loud, rolling, musical rattle.

Omnivorous ground feeders, cranes eat frogs, rodents, insects, bulbs, seeds, and berries as well as occasional seashore delicacies. They have adapted well to agriculture and during the winter and on migration, feed largely on waste grain and small animals associated with farm fields.

The dance of the sandhills may be one of the strangest breeding displays on the tundra. Often called a mating dance, display activity reaches a peak in late winter and early spring, but it has also been seen at other times of the year when two cranes meet. The ritual starts with a deep bow followed by great leaps, hops, skips, turns, and more bows. This dance can go on for many minutes.

Cranes are extremely wary birds and hard to approach. Their long legs enable them to easily outdistance a person walking on the uneven tundra, but they will take flight if closely approached. Except for the nesting season, cranes are social birds that feed together and occupy safe communal roosts at night.

Bull of the Woods-today...

Young Bull Moose at My Homestead

The Alaska-Yukon race (Alces alces gigas) is the largest of all the moose. Adult males are larger than the females and in prime condition weigh from 1,200 to 1,600 pounds. Adult females weigh 800 to 1,300 pounds.

Only the males or “bulls” have antlers. Most male calves develop a hair-covered, bony protuberance by the end of summer that persists through their first year. Following this initial development, antlers are grown each summer and shed during winter throughout the bull’s life. The largest moose antlers in North America come from Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and the Northwest Territories of Canada. Trophy age class bulls with antlers 50 inches  in spread or larger are found throughout Alaska. Moose occasionally produce trophy-size antlers when they are 6 or 7 years old, with the largest antlers grown at approximately 10 to 12 years of age.  Moose rarely live more than 16 years.

Growth patterns, age at sexual maturity, and production of offspring are closely tied to range conditions. Female or “cow” moose generally breed at 28 months, though some may breed as young as 16 months. Calves are born any time from mid-May to early June after a gestation period of about 230 days. A cow moose defends her newborn calf vigorously. Cows give birth to twins  20-45 percent of the time, and triplets may occur. Newborn calves generally weigh 28 to 35 pounds and rarely as much as 45 pounds. Calves begin nursing within the first few hours following birth and take solid food a few days later. During their first 5 months, while suckling and foraging, calves will grow to more than 10 times their birth mass; occasionally weighing more than 500 pounds. Calves are generally weaned in the fall at the time the mother is breeding again.

The maternal bond is generally maintained until calves are 12 months old at which time the mother aggressively chases her offspring from the immediate area just before she gives birth. Moose breed in the fall with the peak of the “rut” activities coming in late September and early October. Adult males joust during the rut by bringing their antlers together and pushing. Serious battles are rare, but bulls regularly receive a few punctures, sometimes break ribs, and occasionally die from their wounds. The winner usually mates with several females.

By late October, adult males have exhausted their summer accumulation of fat and their desire for female company. Once again they begin feeding. Antlers from mature bulls are shed as early as November, but mostly in December and January. Young bulls may be seen with their antlers as late as April. Most moose make seasonal movements to calving, rutting, and wintering areas. They travel anywhere from only a few miles to as many as 60 miles during these transitions.

Moose have a high reproductive potential and can quickly overpopulate a range if not limited by predation, hunting, and severe weather. Deep crusted snow can lead to malnutrition and subsequent death of hundreds of moose and decrease the survival of the succeeding year's calves.

Moose are killed by wolves, black and brown bears. Black bears take moose calves in May and June. Brown bears kill calves and adults the entire time the bears are out of their winter dens. Wolves kill moose throughout the year. Predation limits the growth of many moose populations in Alaska.

Frosty Track

This is detectable evidence  that a Moose has passed during a frost. It also shows us the course along which it moved. To the sharper eye, it is a sign that shows where it has gone...